Green hydrogen-based e-fuel success will hinge on carbon dioxide (CO2) sourcing, technology integration, clear offtake, and certification.

That was the message from Luisa Biesold at Norsk e-Fuel, who told H2 View that the company’s portfolio of projects in the Nordic region is increasingly shaped by the realities of operating in a nascent and unpredictable industry.

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Catalysts make reactions go faster and to the right place: they improve velocity. If there is one thing the emerging hydrogen economy needs, it is precisely that: velocity

Natural gas has been the mainstream feedstock to produce hydrogen and its main derivatives, methanol and ammonia, for decades. Catalysts are used to convert this fossil fuel to the target products in the most energy-efficient manner.

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First Ammonia was built around solid oxide electrolysis (SOEC). Now, less than five years later, it’s walking away from the technology.

At the end of March, Danish technology group Topsoe terminated a 100MW SOEC sales and service agreement for First Ammonia’s flagship Port of Victoria green ammonia project in Texas.

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Hydrogen’s role in mobility is becoming more contested. While fuel cells remain central to long-term roadmaps, batteries are consolidating in light-duty and pushing into hydrogen’s heavy-duty territory.

However, a parallel debate is emerging around how quickly decarbonisation can realistically be delivered in the hardest-to-abate use cases.

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First Ammonia is preparing to shift away from solid oxide electrolysis (SOEC) for its 200MW Texas project, turning to pressurised alkaline or PEM systems following Topsoe’s exit.

CEO Joel Moser told H2 View the developer has launched a request for proposal process with shortlisted original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) as it eyes a final investment decision this year.

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Electrolyser making has become a competitive business arena. As green hydrogen projects struggle to reach final investment decisions, demand has fallen.

This has made the pool of viable projects needing hydrogen production equipment smaller. While this has led to a consolidation of companies in the field, new names are still emerging, promising to deliver technology to challenge the incumbents.

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AI-driven data centre growth is creating new competition for renewable electricity, raising concerns about rising power prices for green hydrogen producers.

Raffi Garabedian, CEO of electrolyser maker Electric Hydrogen, told a H2 View webinar that competition for clean power from data centres has become a “significant headwind” for US hydrogen projects. However, the effect may moderate in the coming years.

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Europe’s hydrogen infrastructure framework is largely in place, but investment de-risking remains the sector’s most immediate bottleneck, according to trade body Gas Infrastructure Europe (GIE).

Policy Manager Tobias Bühnen told a recent H2 View webinar that while EU rules covering network access, unbundling and cross-border coordination have been established, a “significant gap” between projected revenues and upfront costs is delaying development.

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Focusing on methane pyrolysis to produce only turquoise hydrogen misses a major value stream from this technology.

The way to make a methane pyrolysis business case stack up without subsidies is to co-produce a grade of solid carbon that can be monetised for circa €2,000 ($2,345) per tonne, or more.

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The US hydrogen mobility market had little to celebrate in 2025. The collapse of two homegrown truck manufacturers – Nikola and Hyzon – shaped much of the sector’s narrative, reinforcing long-standing questions about whether hydrogen could move beyond pilot projects and into sustained commercial use.

In the shadow of those dissolutions, a new entrant began assembling assets with the stated aim of making one of the most challenging segments of commercial transport “as easy as possible.”

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